Introduction
Historically, Russia has lagged behind in economic development from the "market" of the world, and now needs to undergo reconstruction phase, the transformation of society by implementing creative synthesis of international experience with regard to its uniqueness and identity.
As you know, the economic laws, in contrast to the laws of nature are mediated by "real people" in the desires and choices which are present expectations, norms, attitudes, traditions, moral and ethical values. Our failures in the implementation of economic reforms associated with the uncertainty of a radical reconstruction of society strategy (including the political, social and moral environment) as well as a blind imitation of others and alien to our experience. We did not consider that Russia has its thousand-year history of the business, and that Russian folk ethics and aesthetics, with more pre-Christian roots, creating a living and doing business atmosphere honoring the ideals of kindness, justice and righteousness - this reminds us of a German businessman. To avoid gross errors in the future, we need to critically rethink the experience of in-house and branch management in the world, but most importantly - learn how to find the best (optimal) solutions in conditions of uncertainty and lack of stability of the socio-economic life, typical of today's Russia.
Management development in Russia
Since the XVII century., Governance in Russia was given serious consideration. Its mark in the history of Russia and the improvement of its management system left no known Russian economists, such as: AL Ordin-Nashchokin, AP Volinsky (cabinet minister from 1738 till 1740), VN Tatischev (CEO mining factories in Kazan and Siberian provinces since 1730 by 1740), a prominent Russian scientist MV Lomonosov. Great achievements in reforming management of Russia PA Stolypin. Since 1906, he combined the two posts - interior minister and prime minister. Stolypin was engaged in the improvement of local government. The building of socialism in the Soviet Union demanded the creation of a new public management organization of socialist production.
In the first years of Soviet power get most famous works of scholars such as AA Bogdanov, AK Gastev, OA Yermansky, PM Kerzhentsev, NA Amoz.
The famous Soviet scientist AQ Gastev worked on improving the theory and practice of the organization of labor. They are formulated and proved the concept, dubbed "work setting." Introduction of methods of labor units engaged in practical activities of the Central Institute for Labour (CIT), created by the fall of 1920 at the All. The most important place in the implementation of techniques briefing was given to the labor movement.
The disadvantage of the concept of labor units. Gasteva is the weak development of the method itself of labor units, the choice is too narrow base of research, a focus on the individual worker.
An important role in the development of the scientific organization of labor and management in the USSR belongs to a prominent economist OA Yermansky, who has made a significant contribution to the theory of socialist rationalization. Yermansky concept has been heavily criticized, but despite the criticism, Yermansky contribution to the theory and practice of the organization of labor is significant. Them together considerable practical material economic construction in the USSR.
The problems of the scientific organization of labor (MUSIC) have received wide coverage in the works PM Kerzhentsev. Kerzhentsev spread understanding of the scientific organization of labor in all spheres of human activity.
Particularly noteworthy discussion that took place on the development of the scientific organization of labor and management in the Soviet Union in the run-up to the II All-Union Conference on MUSIC, A few weeks before the conference were published two platforms for NOTES. One - from a group of "Seventeen" led by Kerzhentsev, the other - from the CIT led Gastev. The controversy between the two currents over the creation of a central platform adopted at the II All-Union Conference on MUSIC, which included the positive aspects of both platforms was debated.
A major contribution to the development of the theoretical foundations of the socialist organization of production processes was introduced OI Neporent. All the operations he classified on the basis of their combination in the production process into three types: serial, parallel and parallel-to-serial, showed their effect on the duration of the production cycle.
In the 30-ies. done a lot of research and practical work on the creation of the science of the organization of production, labor and management, the result of which was the release of the first Soviet textbook on the organization of production. During these years, initiated the formation of a training system with higher and secondary special education in economics for businesses and governments. In addition, it introduced a new specialty for that time - an engineer-economist of the industry profile, which soon became the leader of economics.
During the Great Patriotic War, the system of industrial management, developed in previous years did not change. The basic principle of management continued to be self-supporting in the amplification on command and leadership. Research work was carried out on in-plant planning and scheduling.
In the post-war period was renewed scientific and practical work in the field of organization and management. However, there was a decrease in the research field of production. By the end of the 50s. subjects for research on the organization and management of enterprises gradually began to expand.
Since 1957, the transition was made to the management of industry and construction on the territorial principle through economic councils (economic councils) economic areas. The main purpose of the economic councils were suppressing departmental trends in the industry.
By this time is the birth of such an important independent branch of the economy, the economic cybernetics, which is closely related to the use in practice of mathematical economics. The creation of this science in our country is carried out under the leadership of A. Berg and VM Glushkov. Cybernetics has played an important role in the development of the theory of management.
Discussion that took place in the country between 1962 and 1965., On the improvement of the system and methods of economic management, preceded by the economic reforms.
The period of time from 1965 to the present, characterized by carrying out the country's three reforms aimed at improving the management of the national economy.
They are:
1. Reform of the system of economic management in 1965
2. Management reform in 1979
3. Rapid socio-economic development (1986) and the transition to a market economy (from 1991 to the present).
In connection with the recent dramatic changes in the political system of governance in the country, a discussion on the mechanism of transition. A special commission, headed by Academician AG Aganbegian, offered three alternative transition to a market economy:
1) introduction of some elements of the market to the existing command-administrative system of management;
2) a rapid transition to a market economy without government regulation;
3) the creation of a control system based on a regulated market economy. This version management system improvement proposals met the government.
Another commission under the leadership of S. Shatalina prepared a program, known as the "500 days", which outlines a range of measures necessary for the transition to a regulated market. This program is considered by many scholars as "shock therapy."
Following the discussion, a compromise was adopted by the transition from a planned management system to a regulated market. It was based on the program "500 days", the main goal was the complete destruction of the administrative-command system. From November 1991 began the process of the formation of market relations in Russia.
However, despite these measures failed to halt the collapse of the Russian economy. The socio-economic situation in the country continues to deteriorate. Adopted many wrong decisions. One reason for this situation is launched in 1992, the government policy of non-interference in the economy of the regions and of import-export operations. Unmanaged market is not in any developed country in the world. The market requires management, governance, regulation by the state.
Currently in Russia there is imbalance in the whole mechanism of government. Domestic manager in their practice is facing such problems, which are quite unfamiliar to Western managers. Therefore, in these conditions, is especially important to obtain new knowledge on the art of management.
The methodological principles of the Russian management
The most important factor affecting the specificity of Management, is the mentality of the nation. Currently, the main concepts put forward by the formation of the Russian management mentality is given a different meaning.
Go to the market posed the problem of the formation of the Russian management. Its formation depends, first, on the level of development of commodity production. Management as a form of control is inherent in commodity production. The presence of the Russian Federation in the transition to a market economy is at the same time and the formation of management. Second, the level of technical and technological development. Thus, the revolution in the management system, which occurred in the 19th - early 20th century, was caused by the transition from handicraft to machine production. Change control system and the transition to assembly-line production. Changing it and with the transition to the latest automated and information technology.
1.Kontseptsiya copying Western management theory. It does not take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality. To master the theory will only need to translate Western textbooks and monographs on Russian language. Then, without changing anything, to use these provisions in practice. The probability of this concept is very high because of its simplicity and habits of mindless copying of the Western experience. But it is great peril. Suffice it to recall not adapted to the conditions of use of the Russian theory of "monetarism," the concepts of "shock therapy", voucher, etc. You can predict the new shocks that are waiting for Russia in the implementation of the concept.
2.Kontseptsiya adaptation of western management theory. Suggests a partial account of the special Russian mentality, ie not blind imitation and adaptation of Western theory to modern Russian conditions. This raises the important issue of what kind of western management theories we will adapt? Management system in Japan, the U.S., Western Europe differ greatly among themselves. Which of these options is taken as equivalent? But for every choice we run the risk of using the theory that takes into account specific characteristics, conditions of the economy, the level of socio-economic development of these countries, the mentality of the inhabitants. Here it is advisable to recall the words of Max Weber, "a Western-style capitalism could occur only in the western civilization."
As a result, adapted theory, slightly tailored to the Russian reality, will not be able to give the Russian economy is expected of them.
3.Kontseptsiya creation of the Russian theory of management. Comes fully into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality with aspects of the world of management experience. Thus it is impossible not blind imitation of Western and Eastern experience or a complete denial of the achievements of Western and Oriental School of Management. Both the first and second equally inapplicable. It should be noted that A. Marshall has argued that: "Economics is not a set of concrete truth, but merely a tool for opening a particular truth." In our opinion, this statement is entirely possible to move on science and management. Therefore, Russia's management must have its specific content, forms and methods of management, the relevant specifics of the Russian mentality.
References
1. 2.Vihansky OS, AI Naumov Management. Tutorial - M. Gardarica, 1999.
2. The path to the XXI century: strategic challenges and prospects for the Russian economy. - Moscow: Publishing House of "Economy", 1999.
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