Tests on the subject "The study of socio-economic and political processes "
The plan:
1. Achievement tests
2. Psychological tests
Intelligence tests
Aptitude tests
Socio-psychological tests
Personality tests
Conclusion
List of References
Introduction
Test questionnaire contains a series of questions, the answers to which are judged on the psychological qualities of the subject. In the test subject is asked a series of job related tasks on the basis of performance which determine the presence or absence and extent of his character traits (personality traits).
The advantage of standardized tests is the possibility of differentiated their application (a series of standardized tests designed for different age groups of people, education, life experience and profession). Using standardized tests give quantitative estimates on which to compare the severity of the psychological properties of a test on their manifestation in the promotion.
The disadvantage of standardized tests is a definite possibility of influence on the test results of the test in accordance with the approve of the character traits of the individual. These opportunities increase if learners know the content of the test, as well as a methodology to assess the behavior and studied the psychological qualities of the person.
Another disadvantage of standardized tests is a certain difficulty of ensuring an individual approach to the test in the testing process. People with low stress tolerance, as the A.G.Shmelev, there are certain violations of self-regulation, they start to worry, to err on the basic issues for them. In time to see such a reaction to the test - a task that afford a qualified and conscientious experimenter.
In certain circumstances, the use of standardized tests (test questionnaires and test tasks) is simply not feasible. This applies to those cases where the subjects did not want to recognize in their negative personality traits and motives, or simply fail to recognize their presence. In these situations, resorting to the use of projective tests.
Projective tests are designed to study the psychological characteristics and their behavior - characteristics that cause a negative attitude on the part of the subjects. At the heart of projective tests years the mechanism of projection, whereby unconscious psychological characteristics of personality and behavior of individual defects is inclined to attribute to others. On the psychological characteristics of the test is judged on the basis of how he perceives and evaluates the relevant situation, the behavior of people, what personality traits and motives he ascribes to them.
Projective techniques have certain advantages. A man in his perception of life situations (the map which is represented in projective tests) converts them according to his personality, his vision of life conflicts (for example, interprets the image to fit your personal characteristics, defining your vision of life situations on the basis of associative links, past experiences, attitudes, or statements). Projective techniques like "portray" the whole personality of a person, not directly, but indirectly it possible to study the features of emotional and neurotic reaction.
Uniform classification of projective tests do not exist. The most common classification is to develop and L.F.Burlachuka S.M.Morozova. In abbreviated form, this classification is given by the description I.B.Grishpun. [1]
1. Structural tests. The content of the test is to make sense of the material, its structuring. The most popular test is a constitutive Rorshara test (test "inkblot"). The surveyed offered one image spots. It should answer the questions of what is shown, what it looks like. Answers surveyed analyzed according to criteria that detects type of experience on G.Rorshahu, features of human interaction with the environment.
2. Design tests that involve the creation (design) of the whole of the parts. design of projective tests known so-called test in the world. In the "test of the world," the examinee is expected more than 200 models of various objects (people, vehicles, houses, animals, etc.). The subject on your own creates a model of the world, not necessarily used on all models. Taken into account in the analysis of what items are selected first, what type of objects used, the shape of structures, space exploration, etc. The work of the subjects being demolished with the author's approach to the design world.
3. Interpretive tests involving interpretation, interpretation of events offered by the situations of images. Of the most popular interpretive "test subject apperetseptsii" (TAT), created in 1935 G.Mbrreem m K.Morganom (USA). Material test-table with pictures depicting the uncertain situation, allowing a different understanding and interpretation. Each figure, according to the authors, suggests updating experiences one type of relationship to certain situations. The subjects were invited to make up a story in pictures, which would be described by the events that led to this situation, thoughts, feelings and attitudes of the characters. Conducted a conditional entry story, fixed time, pauses, behaviors, facial expressions, etc. The result is an idea about the features need sphere, internal and external conflicts, and how to protect others
The varieties include the TAT test apperetseptsii child (as the characters here are children or animals), "hand test" (surveyed offered to attribute a certain importance to the various provisions of the human hand), etc.
4. Cathartic tests involving creative activities in a particularly organized environment. A striking example of such tests is psychodrama, often regarded as a method of psychotherapy, but serves as a psychodiagnostic tool. In psychodrama is something like an improvised theater production about the story told by one of the band members. It is believed that in the context of group support, in a dramatic constructs, substantially similar experiences of members of psychodrama, it will show their personality traits. And this is of diagnostic value.
5. Expressive tests involving drawing or similar activities on a free or a given topic. Of expressive methods are common so-called drawing tests. the interpretation of expressive tests proceed from the position that the drawing of the person surveyed expressed his "I", its features can be identified by a specific system criteria.
6. Impressive tests that require choice, preference of some other incentives. Among the impressive projective tests have become more common so-called Lusher test, or test color preferences. In the interpretation of this test is based on the assumption that each color has a certain symbolic value, and the composition of colors in the series have some functional significance, reflecting (depending on location) targets the individual, how to achieve goals, suppressed needs.
7. Additive tests, involving sentence completion, story, etc. Among these tests are widely known test "Incomplete proposals." The surveyed offered a number of unfinished sentences. As a result of the completion of the proposals are judged on specific needs, motives and feelings of the individual, his attitude towards the future, the nature of relationships with parents, friends, etc.
Projective tests on the subject of psycho-diagnostics can be attributed to personality tests - psycho-techniques aimed at assessing emotional and volitional mental activity of the individual components. The classification tests on the subject of psycho-diagnostics discussed in the next chapter.
It should be mentioned that a single system of classification tests of psychological science to date has not yet been worked out. There are many classifications developed on different grounds (on features used in the test tasks, according to the material requirements demanded subjects, by assessing the objectivity and the like). first of all we are interested in testing the system on the subject of diagnosis, ie by the quality, which is evaluated by charge against test. On this basis, all the tests can be divided into two broad classes: tests of achievement and actual psychological tests.
Further, Projective tests mentioned above are part of personality tests and tests creativity - of the test capabilities.
1. Achievement tests
Achievement tests are designed primarily to educational material and are designed to assess the levels of mastery of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as to determine the general and professional training for specific subjects and courses of study. Typically, tests are designed to advances group work in the classroom, auditorium college of the university. In some schools the tests replace interrogatory, examination system (including the admission of applicants to universities).
It tests the achievements are also tests used for the purposes of professional qualification (selection). it is known that in the career-oriented work of the school and vocational training institutions and the correct full account of psychophysiological performance requirements of occupations, identifying common and special abilities, characteristics of higher nervous activity and character traits play an extremely important role. Knowing the characteristics of the character and temperament of students, the degree of emotional excitability, speed of decision-making, quick mood changes, etc., should be selected such activities that are most relevant characteristics. After all the features of perception and imagination, co-ordination of hand movements, the breadth of the field of view, color sensitivity, speed of sensorimotor reactions, memory type (shape, logical, emotional) and thinking (visual-, abstract-logical) have different effects on the basis of a profession. Appropriateness of the use of tests of achievements for motivating young people here doubt.
2. Psychological tests
Psychological tests are classified according to various reasons. Here, consider the division types of psychological tests in which taken as a basis for diagnosis. So, on the subject of psychological diagnostic tests are divided into intelligent (intelligence tests), tests of abilities, socio-psychological tests and personality (personality test).
0.1. Intelligence tests
Intelligence tests are intended for research and quality assessment (measurement) level of intellectual development of the individual. The group of the most well-known and widely used intelligence tests are tests D.Vekslera (designed to measure the levels of development of individual thinking and cognitive processes - perception, attention, imagination, memory, etc.), a battery of tests Stanford-Binet [2] (include buildings directed toward the investigation of a wide range of abilities - from simple manipulation to abstract reasoning, differentiated by age). The use of intelligence tests reveals the personality test: their levels of activity and motivation, confidence, perseverance, focus, etc. Among the intelligence tests they take up a leading position in the foreign psychological diagnosis. On the basis of application of the battery of tests Stanford-Binet and similar scales of mental development Binet-Simon calculated quantitative levels of intellectual development of the test (IQ, Eng. - Intelligence Quotient). This coefficient (IQ) is adequate to the concept of "intelligence" and is calculated using the formula:
IQ = Mental vozrast_____ × 100.
Chronological age
In turn, the mental age is calculated on the basis of the so-called basic age to be determined by the scale of mental development Stanford-Binet. This is the maximum age level below which all test items are available for the test. Mental age is defined as the sum of the "base-age" and the correction factor "K". The coefficient "K" corresponds to a certain number of months and is calculated by a special method, which is based on the solution of tasks subjects with varying degrees of difficulty. Mental age, expressed in years, indicates that the individual is in their mental development, in line with most people of such and such age. For example, when testing a young man 23 years old (real chronological age) revealed that the mental age is 25 years. It follows that this young man intellectually developed as well as most 25-year-olds. His intelligence quotient (IQ) = 25 × 23 ≈ 1,1, which is about 110% ("excellent" standard).
Based on a study in 1700 individuals aged 16 to 64 years D.Veksler from the position of a normal distribution of the statistical indicators of the intellect, offered all the subjects classified by quantitative indicators ratio IQ. This classification of the intelligence quotient (Table 1) has been widely used both in foreign and domestic in psychological practice.
Table 1.
CLASSIFICATION BY A FACTOR OF INTELLIGENCE, Wexler
IQ
Level of intelligence
Percentage of manifestations
130 above
120-129
110-119
90-109
80-89
70-79
69 and enlarge
Very high intelligence
High intelligence
"Excellent" standard
The level of the majority of persons
Lower rate
Border class
Mental defect
2.2
6.7
16.1
50.0
16.1
6.7
2.2
In the western psychodiagnostics IQ was the basis for determining the degree of intellectual development of children. It should be mentioned that the division of subjects with IQ scores for individuals with high intellectual development and for mentally retarded individuals in a number of cases may reflect the real state of things. "Cramming" and pre-screening for the Binet-Simon tests can significantly improve the outcome an IQ test.
0.2. Aptitude tests
Aptitude tests - this technique, diagnosing the level of general and special abilities that determine the success of the training, skills and creativity. There are many tests to determine both general and specific (professional) skills (music, math, sports, etc.). Job aptitude tests include not only the intellect, but also in attention, memory, perception, hand and toe motility. They are widely used in the U.S. for guidance and placement of personnel in the Army, the Navy, in public institutions.
A variety of aptitude tests are tests of creativity.
Tests of creativity - a set of techniques for studying and assessing creative abilities of the individual (the ability to generate unusual ideas quickly resolve problem situations, to accept non-standard solutions). practical application of these tests is not sufficiently reliable, because the creative achievements require the optimal combination of both abilities, and other qualities of the person at the same time.
0.3. Socio-psychological tests
When it comes to the application of the method of texts in social psychology, the mean personality tests and sociometric tests. As for personality tests, which are discussed ahead of us, they are used in all general psychological studies of personality and, as noted G.M.Andreeva, "no particular specifications of this method in the social-psychological research is not all the methodological norms of tests used in general psychology, to be fair here. "[3]
The main question here is how you can correlate test measuring the characteristics of the individual with its activity and behavior in a small group.
Sociometric tests ime6yut other specifics. Sociometry, or the "social dimension", as the method is designed to measure interpersonal relationships in a small group. The founder of sociometry is an American psychiatrist and a social psychologist Dzh.Moreno. Among local psychologists, who at various times sociometric research, know the names of E.S.Kuzmina, Ya.L.Kolominskogo, VA Iadov, I.P.Volkova etc.
With sociometrics determined the dynamics of interpersonal and inter-group relations, we study the typology of social behavior in a group activity, revealed the extent of social and psychological compatibility of group members. in the study of interpersonal relationships are defined likes and dislikes of people to each other, the value orientation of participants of group activities, especially social perception (perception and understanding), vzaimootsenki and self-esteem of individuals.
Sociometric tests are a kind of standardized methods of interpersonal relations in small groups. In responding to the indirect questions subjects make sequential selection of group members, people preferred or rejected in certain specific situations. Such techniques are used to study the dynamics of internal interpersonal relationships in different age groups, the identification of closed groups, the degree of intra-group cohesion, the motivational structure of the group and its conflict zones.
0.4. Personality tests
Personality tests - this psycho-diagnostic techniques aimed at assessing the emotional and volitional mental activity of the individual components (attitudes, motivation, interests, emotions, behavior) in certain social situations. With the help of these tests revealed stable individual human characteristics that define its behavior. Conventionally, personality tests on the object and purpose of psychological diagnosis can be divided into three groups. The first of these are multi-factor personality questionnaires, giving a variety of comprehensive evaluation of the degree of development of psychological personality traits. These include a 16-factor personality questionnaire R.Kettella (16PF), Minesotsky multivariate (multi-) questionnaire (MMPI), some personality questionnaires G.Ayzenka, etc. The second group is the projective test methods developed on the basis of no specific incentives. The subjects were invited to interpret, supplement and develop these incentives. For example, to interpret the content of narrative pictures, complete incomplete sentences, to interpret the vague outlines of ink stains, etc. The third group consists of test procedures that detect specific stable personality characteristics (temperament, individual characterological traits, motivational and emotional displays, etc.).
The following are considered personal test techniques that are widely used in scientific and practical training of students and students in the department of the Tallinn School of Applied Psychology.
Multivariate personality questionnaires. Multivariate personality questionnaires 16PF and MMPI associated with the names of the creators of the theory of the devil - R.Kettellom, G.Olportom and G.Ayzenkom. R.Kettellom during experimental studies of personality introduced by the method of factor analysis. They were selected, described and examined a number of real-life factors (features) of the person. Currently set up R.Kettellom theory traits related to one of the major general psychological theories of personality. According to this theory, people differ from each other by a set and degree of development of their individual independent features. Using factor analysis is reduced to the minimum necessary and sufficient variety of indicators to assess the individual, resulting from testing, survey, life observations and introspection.
While working on the consciousness of multi-factor personality questionnaire 16PF. R.Kettellom revealed 16 different personality factors. Each of them received a double name, which characterizes the degree of development - strong and weak.
Multi-16PF personality questionnaire consists of 105 questions that test answers by choosing one of three options.
In a special form for the response of the subject observes the selected alternative in each of the 105 questions. When the test is carried out, scoring in each of the 16 personality factors. In accordance with the results plotted personality profile test. The test data are analyzed and interpreted.
It should be borne in mind that R.Ketellom [4] have developed modified factor models with different number of involved factors, but the most famous is modification Personality Inventory 16PF.
According to R.Meyli, one of the proponents of the theory of features, the number of factors (features) can be reduced to at least 33. It will be necessary and sufficient for a complete description of the psychological personality.
Among other personality questionnaires that are widely used in the West to study the personality of the typological approach in psychological research, it should be noted Minnesota multi-Personality Inventory (MMPI). development of the questionnaire involved S.Hatuem, Dzh.Makkinli, G.Olport. G.Olporta merit is the emergence of the postulate of human exceptionalism - each person is unique and individual, is the bearer of a peculiar combination of qualities and needs (hell). A set of these features is the core of the personality, gives it a uniqueness and originality.
Based on the MMPI-drawn personality profile test, conducted a factor analysis of test data, are factors, indicators of extroversion and neuroticism. The personality profile contains a group of scales: clinical (scale of hypochondria, depression, hysteria, psychopathic, masculinity - femininity, schizophrenia, etc.) and control (lie scale, reliability, etc.).
Minnesota multi-Personality Inventory (MMI) has been widely spread in the psycho-diagnostic studies in Russia. In particular, a lot of work to adapt the questionnaire to 80 years was carried out at the Leningrad Institute of psycho-neurological. VMBekhterev and Moscow psychologists. It should be borne in mind that at featuring the MMPI-test certain influence age, sex, education, and the ratio of the test to the test procedure.
G.Ayzenka personality questionnaires intended to diagnose three basic dimensions of personality: extraversion - introversion neytralshizma and psychoticism.
Extraversion is a characteristic of individual psychological differences in people, the extreme poles of which correspond to the orientation of the individual or the phenomenon of its own subjective world (introversion).
Neuroticism - a concept that is used to describe a person with emotional instability, increased anxiety, poor health, autonomic disorders. This factor also biopolyaren. One of the poles is characterized by its emotional stability, the other - emotional instability. Emotional stability is inherent in sanguine and phlegmatic, emotional instability - choleric and melancholic.
Neuroticism, on G.Ayzenku not identical neurosis. However, individuals with high on this scale in adverse conditions neurosis may develop. Describing a typical experts G.Ayzenk marks his sociability, a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsiveness, optimism. In contrast, the typical introvert - is a quiet, shy, introspective man. His actions he plans well in advance, loves order, is prone to introspection. In his feelings restrained. According G.Ayzenku, high extraversion and neuroticism with the diagnosis of hysteria, and high rates of introversion and neuroticism and anxiety reactivity correspond to depression.
According to one of the questionnaires G.Ayzenka can determine the location of the test in the two-factor model of extroversion and neytrolizma, and the type of temperament.
Projective test methodology. It includes personal and so-called projective tests, the start of the application of which was laid a German psychologist E.Krepelinom when he suffered experimental psychological research in a psychiatric clinic. This group of methods is used for the diagnosis of personality. Surveyed proposed to respond to certain situations (interpritirovat content story pictures - Thematic Apperception Test; finish incomplete sentences or statements of one of the actors on the scene picture - test Rosenzweig, to interpret the vague outlines, such as inkblots in a Rorschach test, draw a person or a tree - text Makhover etc.).
Disabled while unconsciously puts ("projects") himself in the estimates and interpretation of objects much of a plot. Involuntary pictures (pocherkushki) of the individual in a boring lecture, tedious meeting also serves as a kind of projective tests that find a way subconscious needs, expectations, thoughts and feelings.
Projective techniques in essence can be attributed to the subjective methods of peer review. Indeed, the projective test with a free response, in which instructions and test stimuli are vague, allows selection of a response to a very wide range. This choice is determined by the structure of subjective experience of the subject, his attitudes and motives. The very answer may be, for example, the integrity of pictures or texts, selecting the appropriate composition of certain objects or structures.
At the School of Applied Psychology on mining techniques for psychological projective drawing tests paid much attention. Students are usually willingly, enthusiastically perform tasks to determine the relationship of color preferences and the nature of the test patterns to their psychological characteristics, conduct graphological analysis, and interpretation of drawing tests, compared characterological features of the subjects identified the factors on test questionnaire R.Kettella 16PF, previously identified in these same subjects in previous studies.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) also applies to projective techniques of personality research. He created H.Morganom and G.Myurreem in 1935 subsequently technique is known as the G.Myurreya. [5] In the TAT picture story presented in the form of certain situations that allow for ambiguous interpretation. In the experiment, subjects were presented in sequence a number of thematic pictures selected from the standard battery of TAT by sex and age of the patients. One battery TAT is designed to survey only women, the other - only men, the third single - only for boys and girls up to 14 years. There is also a special test used for all subjects.
The subjects were invited to make up a story-a story that led to the situation depicted in the picture, what's going on at the moment, what the characters are thinking, what they feel, what this situation can be completed. Stories surveyed recorded and interpreted. When the test is carried out in order to talk to obtain additional data on the test, refinement found in the stories of logical inconsistencies and errors of perception.
Analysis and interpretation of the stories of the test is carried out as follows: 1) the definition of the character with which the subject identifies himself (made possible by the analysis of the thoughts and feelings of the character, the test match with him on the sex and age, social status, etc.);
2) identification of psychological traits of character (feelings, desires, aspirations);
3) determination of the dynamic structure of the interaction between the individual and the environment.
In compiling the stories-stories subjects rely primarily on their own experiences and empower them unknowingly characters with whom they identify. In this story to interpret multi-valued picture, in accordance with its past experience. Hence the second name of the test - Apperception (apperception - the dependence of perception on past experience, of the total content of human mental activity and its individual characteristics).
Currently, there are a lot of modifications TAT: for examination of persons of different cultural levels, adolescent delinquency, the elderly and senile age, etc.
It tests thematic apperception as one of the varieties of projective techniques is the so-called cartoon Apperception Test (PAT), also developed G.Myurreem. In the modernized form of an adapted version of a drawing Apperception Test is presented, for example, eight L.N.Sobchikom plot pictures.
The pictures are displayed in the form of the agreed position of the dynamic relationship between two or three persons. In this case, neither gender nor age nor ethnic characteristics and the social status of the people of the pictures are not apparent. Arrangement of the figures and their poses can be judged only on those conflict situations and life conflicts that arise in the process of mutual relations between people. Poses third party or observer to the individual pictures can be interpreted as indifference or active compassionate. Subjects offered in series, according to the numbering consider each of the scene pictures, let your imagination and briefly describe their individual vision presented positions.
Especially effective is the use of PAT to identify the motivational orientation of adolescents, their attitudes. This is achieved not by direct questioning, but indirectly, through the mechanisms of identification of the test with any of the characters depicted on the scene images with projections of his own experiences. Scene Pictures PAT is a kind of an icon with which the subject projects its vision of life conflict.
Of course, compared with the actual thematic Apperception Test RAT has several smaller research facilities. however, because of the simplicity and brevity of its application PAT - the technique has been successfully used in the survey of schoolchildren, career-oriented youth work in the clinic of neurosis.
For a number of projective techniques and is an icon. it is a set of graphical models for the study of mediated remembering. For the first time the icon was proposed by Soviet psychologist AR Luria in the 30-ies. and found its use in psychiatry and clinical psychology as a diagnostic technique. This method reveals the hidden motives, other personal characteristics surveyed (apprehension, fear, anxiety, etc.). In psychiatry and medical practice icons are used to detect not only the subjects of memory disorders, but also violations of conceptual thinking. known conceptual thinking is characterized by the use of concepts and logical constructions.
Note that icons are used for research purposes, serve as a tool to facilitate memorization. But these funds are not limited to the icons. There are numerous other coded signals (symbols) to facilitate memorization. For example, the mnemonic method that facilitates retention of the educational material, when individual items are indicated mnemotechnical any catchy characters are defined ordering, rhyme easily perceived and remembered diagrams or drawings.
Conditionally to projective techniques can also be attributed techniques and methods of graphology study of handwriting. In the handwriting of individual differences appear especially bright. N.N.Obozov notes that the signature or signatures can tell a lot about the experiences of man, his secrecy, or concealment, of modesty or of confidence or of the emotional restraint. Limbs, and his handwriting is resistant features that do not change according to the conditions of the person, but the other elements are associated with mood, excited individual.
According to handwriting can identify some characterological traits of the man, his personality type and temperament. There is a definite connection with the handwriting of an individual's psychological difficulties. This fact is widely used in forensic handwriting analysis during the writing, facsimile signatures on the adult's statements in order to identify their handwriting.
It is also a projective technique "Incomplete proposals," which gives an opportunity to identify specific needs, motives and feelings of the subject (fear, apprehension, awareness of his own guilt, etc.) related to the past and the future, the nature of relationships with parents, friends, the higher the status and subordinates, etc. There are many options projective techniques "Incomplete proposals," based on the principle of verbal completion. Proposals themselves are formulated in such a way as to stimulate responses relating to the study of the properties and linguistic characteristics of the subject.
Before the test, "Incomplete proposals" [6] with the test conducted conversation, attention is drawn to the need to give a heartfelt, natural answers. If the test still trying to hide the world of their experiences, giving formal responses, for an experienced psychologist such behavior provides food for thought about the system of personal relations of the subject. In accordance with aging characteristics of the subjects may be invited to respond not all proposals 60, and some of them selectively, depending on the specific purpose psychodiagnostic study.
TEN-projective technique of studying the reactions of frustration S.Rozentsveygerom developed in 1944 under the fustratsiey It should be understood mental state that arises as a consequence of real or perceived impediment to achieving the objective. Manifested in the oppressive feelings of mood, anxiety, despair, anger and other challenging situations this method is a schematic outline drawing, which depicts two or more people involved have not yet finished speaking. Pictured characters can vary by sex, age and other characteristics. The common patterns for all is to find a character in frustatsionnoy situation. character is shown to the left, speaks words that describe fustratsionnaya situation. On the character shown to the right, there is an empty square in which the examinee has to write the first answer that came to mind. Test frustatsionnyh situations consists of 24 images.
As noted above, to projective techniques include other projective tests (test Rorshaaha - interpretation of inkblots, the test Makhover - a draw or a person, etc.). But all of them share one feature is the fact that the criteria of validity and reliability, designed for traditional tests do not apply to them. Can not be alternative and answers to the test questions ("right or wrong"). Projective techniques are used to predict the behavior of individual style or subject to significant situations of conflict, identify the unconscious aspects of the self.
The basis of all projective techniques is the possibility through indirect effects on the test, simulating certain life situations and relationships, explore personal setting, the style of the individual relationships with others (conformity, leadership, authoritarianism, democracy, etc.), the leading motives and self-identity . In combination with standardized methods it gives practical psychologist most objective information about the identity of the client subject.
In general projective tests require a broad theoretical background and relevant experience of the psychologist on the application of techniques. Projective tests provide an opportunity to make a comprehensive assessment of personality traits.
The test procedure for determination of stable personality traits. Subclass test methods to determine the stable personality traits is very diverse. Consider some of these, which are widely used in the School of Applied Psychology.
Diagnosis of aggressiveness. Aggressiveness as the quality of the individual, by definition R.S.Nemova, it is not caused by objective circumstances (as a necessary response), unprovoked hostility of man in relation to the people around the world. Manifested in the tendency of the individual to attack, to cause trouble or cause damage to people, animals and the world around them. It may manifest itself in the form of a demonstration of superiority in force against another person or group of persons. Aggressiveness may vary according to the degree of aggressiveness in the form of manifestation, from hatred and ill-will demonstrate to verbal abuse and the use of brute force. E.I.Rogov notes that at present the appearance of aggression in children and educational institutions have become a big problem, exciting for both teachers and parents. One of the priority tasks of the psychologist in schools is psychocorrectional work with teens and young men, especially those who are more aggressive than others.
It should be mentioned that, on the one hand, each person must have a certain degree of aggressiveness, as the lack of it in the individual leads to passivity and conformity. On the other hand, the excessive development of aggressiveness can form a shape of the individual, which provokes conflict, hinders cooperation, conscious cooperation.
Between aggression and frustration there is some connection, when aggression is manifested as a protective response of the subject as a result of heat of passion caused by frustration situation.
Diagnosis of anxiety. Anxiety - this is a special emotional state of the subject, expressed in increased emotional tension, which is accompanied by fear, anxiety, fear, preventing normal activity or to communicate with people. It's pretty stable personal quality, characterized by two parameters - the individual and situational tensions.
Personal anxiety - is the individual human personality trait that reflects its susceptibility to negative emotional reactions to various situations in life that carry the threat to his "I" (self-assessment, the level of claims, the relationship to his "I", etc.).
Situational anxiety - it is an internal, stable state of anxiety as a behavioral reaction to certain life situations. This condition can be caused, for example, negotiating with officials, talk on the phone, exam tests, socializing with strangers of the opposite sex or age, etc.
Measurement of anxiety as personality traits is particularly important, as this property largely determines human behavior. Determining the level of anxiety, as the L.D.Stolyarenko - a natural and a mandatory feature of the active work of the individual. Evaluation of man's anxiety level is for him an essential component of self-control and self-education.
In each individual personality and situational anxiety developed to varying degrees, so when determining the levels of anxiety assessed both measures.
Special attention should be persons of high and very high anxiety. E.I.Rogov notes that such anxiety is generated by either a real disadvantage of the subject in the most significant areas of activity and communication, or there would be as contrary to the prosperous situation objectively, as a consequence of certain personal conflicts, disturbances in the development of self-esteem, etc.
Students often experience anxiety, which is good and even excellent study, are serious about their studies, social life, but this apparent prosperity is achieved by them unreasonably high price and prone to breakdowns. Such students are marked autonomic, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. Anxiety in these cases is generated by the conflict nature of self-esteem in the presence of her contradictions between high aspirations and strong enough self-doubt. Such a conflict, forcing these students constantly achieve success while preventing them to properly assess it, creating a sense of constant dissatisfaction, instability, tension. The consequence of all this is overload, over-voltage of impaired attention, decreased performance, increased fatigue.
Diagnosis of individual claims. The level of claims personality - is striving to achieve the goals of the degree of difficulty to which a person believes himself capable.
People who have a realistic level of claims, characterized by confidence, persistence in achieving their goals, more productive than people, the level of claims which are not adequate to their abilities and capabilities.
The discrepancy between the claims and the real possibilities of man leads to the fact that it starts correctly assess themselves, his inappropriate behavior, there are emotional breakdowns, increased anxiety, etc. From this it follows that the level of claims is closely related to self-esteem and personal motivation to achieve success in various activities.
D.Makklelandom American scientists developed the theory and D.Atkinsonom motivation to achieve success in various activities. According to this theory, people are motivated to succeed, set goals, the achievement of which is expressly qualified by them as a success. they seek by all means to achieve success in their work, they are brave and determined, expect to get approval for the actions to achieve the goals. They are characterized by mobilizing all its resources and focus on achieving the goals.
Quite different people behave, motivated by the avoidance of failure. For them, clearly expressed purpose of the activity is not how to achieve success and to avoid failure. The man was originally motivated by the failure, shows lack of confidence in yourself, do not believe it possible to achieve success, fear of criticism, does not experience pleasure from activities in which the possibility of temporary setbacks. Individuals focused on achieving success, able to properly assess their abilities, successes and failures to adequately assess themselves, they revealed a realistic level of aspiration. On the contrary, people-oriented setback, not pricing themselves, which in turn leads to unrealistic claims (over or under). [7] In behavior is evident in the selection of a difficult or too easy targets, increased anxiety, uncertainty, confidence, tendency to avoid competition, not critical in assessing progress, erroneous forecast, etc.
Self-esteem of the individual. Development of techniques for self-identity has certain difficulties associated with age-and career guidance different contingents of the subjects. Self-identity is closely linked to the level of aspirations and motivation to achieve success in various activities. It is important to find out what the estimate of the "I" is in the structure of self-consciousness.
The concept of "self" comes from the word "consciousness." Consciousness is the highest form of the human psyche manifests itself in three components:
- A body of knowledge about the world around us;
- Setting life goals and objectives of the individual;
- Self-consciousness as the ratio of man to himself, others and the world around them.
Self-awareness - is a relatively stable system of conscious representations of the individual's self, awareness of the "I" in a variety of individual characteristics by which a person builds its relationships with other people and in accordance with this applies to himself. Thus consciousness is a kind of foundation on which to build self-concept and self-image of the individual.
In turn, the image of his own "I" consists of three components: cognitive (the image of their psychological traits, physical appearance, social value, etc.), emotional (self-esteem, self-love, self-destruction, etc.), evaluative and volitional ( the desire to improve self-esteem, gain respect, etc.)
Self-knowledge - is the process of developing a certain emotional and value relationship to itself, the result of which is self-esteem of the individual.
Self-assessment involves an assessment of their abilities, psychological qualities and actions, their goals in life and what it can accomplish, and its place among others. Self-esteem may be low, too high and adequate (normal).
People with low self-esteem have set themselves targets lower than those which can be achieved by exaggerating the importance of failures. Ability to implement far from complete. They are characterized by characterological traits like indecision, timidity, resentment, fault-finding, excessive conscientiousness, conflict. They suffer from an inferiority complex and need the support of others.
People with high self-esteem have set themselves higher goals than those which they can achieve. The level of their claims exceed the real capacity. By themselves they are not critical. Consider themselves the most good people, intelligent, kind. For others dismissive. With estimates that they give associates, disagree, are often the cause of conflicts in the team. The main features of their character: conceit, arrogance, desire for excellence, disrespectful and rude attitude towards people. They may offend people and themselves even notice it.
Excessively high and too low self-esteem show the distortion, the inadequacy of the real state of things. Owners of high self-esteem must develop the critical, and those with low self-esteem required to develop self-confidence, ability to optimistically look at their abilities.
Adequate self-esteem and provides the appropriate level of claims, the sober attitude to the successes and failures, approval and disapproval. Such a person is easier to live in the world, it is more energetic, active and optimistic.
The third component of identity is self-education. This process is self-management and self-regulation (self-regulation), directed by conscious dimension of his personality. Effective self-management is only possible with optimum levels of self-esteem. Consequently, the formation of optimal self-esteem - is both a development of the ability to psychological personal self, which manifests itself in the specification of motives and activities, setting goals and choosing the ways of achieving them. The processes of self-regulation and self-regulation are closely interrelated and interdependent. The simplified structure of psychological self-regulation includes the following elements: the adoption of a subject specific purpose of any activity, program, performing actions, the current information processing, decision making, implementation of the program of action for the Performing, checking the results, the correction action. Thus, self-regulation is a closed control regulation, is the kind of information process, which carriers are various forms of reflection of reality.
Subject to regulation of their activities and behavior is based on willpower.
Main trends of individual behavior within the group. Representation of an individual's personality will be more specific, if we define the main trends of the individual in the actual group (dependence - independence, sociability - unsociable, the adoption of "struggle").
Conclusion
The study of man composes one of the most important tasks of science, and of the human sciences psychology is one of the first places. Psychological test helps to understand his mental life. It allows you to understand yourself, know your strengths and weaknesses. And know yourself is necessary for self-education, to work on ourselves, on correcting their weaknesses, to develop their abilities.
To date, the tests are very diverse and there are many reasons for their classification. This is a test of intelligence, achievement, special abilities, creativity, interpersonal, practical, test and imaginative tasks, verbal tests, which include job manipulation of words, as well as a lot of the blanks, of apparatus, process, test conditions and properties, and a special group - projective tests.
List of references:
1. GM Andreeva Social Psychology: A Textbook. Moscow, 2000. p.62.
2. Batarshev AV Testing: The basic tools of Practical Psychology: Studies. allowance. - M: Business, 2001. - 15s.
3. Gurevich, KM What is psychodiagnostics - M, 2003.
---------------------------
[1]
Batarshev AV Testing: The basic tools of Practical Psychology: Studies. allowance. - M: Business, 2001. - 15s.
[2]
Batarshev AV Testing: The basic tools of Practical Psychology: Studies. allowance. - M: Business, 2001. - 15s.
[3]
GM Andreeva Social Psychology: A Textbook. Moscow, 2000. p.62.
[4]
Batarshev AV Testing: The basic tools of Practical Psychology: Studies. allowance. - M: Business, 2001. - 15s.
[5]
GM Andreeva Social Psychology: A Textbook. Moscow, 2000. p.62.
[6]
Gurevich, KM What is psychodiagnostics - M, 2003.
[7]
GM Andreeva Social Psychology: A Textbook. Moscow, 2000. p.62.
