How to develop and create quality

1. The indicator of product quality

Quality is the degree of compliance with the requirements of the inherent characteristics (GOSTR ISO9000)

Requirements, the need or expectation that is stated, implied or obligatory.

Quality is measured by metrics:

· Characterized by the properties of the product quality (purpose, reliability, adaptability, etc.)

· By stage of the life cycle of these terms may be: predictable, production, operating.

· According to the units of measurement.

The branch of science that studies the methods for quantitative assessment of quality control is called.

The number of different products from the point of view of the consumer. And from the point of view of the producer and the consumer may be diametrically opposite as to the manufacturer, all products containing no defects, has value. For the consumer, the value of those properties have products that meet their expectations.

2. Stage of the development of quality

In the story there are five phases in the development of quality. They are inconsistent, may overlap, combined.

1. Phase rejection

The basis of the concept of quality assurance of this phase can be formulated as follows: "The consumer should receive only fit products, ie products that meet the standards. Major efforts should be made to ensure that the product does not fit (marriage) would be cut off from the consumer."

2. Phase quality management

1924. - American engineer Shewhart proposed the concept, the essence of which was not as unfit to withdraw the product and how to improve the production yield.

The core of the concept of quality assurance at this stage was: "Saving the main goal - the consumer should receive only fit products, ie products that meet the standards. Culling remains as one of the important methods of quality assurance. But the main focus should be on process technology, providing the percentage increase in product yield. "

3. Phase quality management

The basis of the quality of work, quality and all levels. When each employee enjoys working.

The program was based not only on the improvement of production processes, and to improve the system as a whole, on the direct involvement of senior management in quality issues, training of all employees from top to bottom the basic methods of quality assurance, all the way to motivate employees to high-quality work. Place the concept of avoiding marriage to the consumer and the concept of increasing the yield of products has taken the concept of "0 defects."

4. Quality Planning Phase

The basis of the concept of a new phase are:

1. the idea that the majority of defects in products is laid on the development stage due to the lack of quality of design work;

2. shifting the center of gravity works to create products with a full-scale prototype testing or parties to the mathematical modeling of the properties of the products as well as simulation of the processes of manufacture of products that can detect and remove defects in design and technology even before the production stage;

3. place the concept of "0 defect" has taken the concept of a "satisfied customer";

4. high quality to provide the consumer with an affordable price, which has steadily decreased since competition in the markets is very high.

5. Phase of Environmental Quality

Customer requirements - environmentally friendly products and eco-friendly way of production. This phase includes the sub-phases:

[Pict]

3. International Standards ISO 9000

ISO 9000 system regulates the ability of the organization. Abilities - the individual characteristics of the successful implementation of activity.

-The purpose of assistance in standardization.

Base - British Standards Institute adopted in more than 90 countries around the world. The standards are applicable to all companies regardless of their size, output and scope.

Standards included in the series:

· ISO 9001. It contains a set of requirements for quality management systems. The current version - "ISO 9001:2008. Quality Management Systems. Requirements."

· ISO 9000. Glossary of terms on the management system, a set of principles of quality management. The current version - "ISO 9000:2005. Quality Management Systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary."

· ISO 9004. As of today - doubles to standard ISO 9001, which describes how the development of the quality management system and provides guidance on how to achieve the requirements of ISO 9001. Later (in 2009) ISO 9004 will be amended on the basis of Japanese quality management standards. It is assumed that the use of the ISO 9004 version 2009 will be a tool of organizational development business. The current version - "ISO 9004:2000. Quality Management Systems. Guidelines for performance improvements."

· ISO 19011. The standard describes methods of auditing management systems, including quality management.

The Russian version of the standards:

· GOST R ISO 9000-2001 - equivalent ISO 9000:2000

· ISO 9001-2008 - equivalent ISO 9001:2008

4. The principles of quality system laid down in the ISO 9000

ISO 9001 does not guarantee high quality products. Compliance with the requirements and recommendations of these standards only talks about the ability of enterprises to maintain stability and improve the quality of its work. Also, the requirements of ISO 9001 indicates a certain level of reliability of the supplier. The certificate ISO 9001 is an external independent confirmation of the achievement of the requirements of the standard. The purpose of the series of standards ISO 9000 - stable operation of documented quality management system of the supplier. The initial focus of the ISO 9000 was precisely on the relationship between the companies in the form of customer / supplier. The ISO 9000 standards do not establish a rigid framework, but only determine what needs to be managed. Quality assurance is aimed at preventing non-compliance.

The quality management principles:

· Customer Focus

· Head of Leadership

· Involvement of people

· Process Approach

· System approach to management

· Continuous improvement

· Decision-making based on facts

· Mutually beneficial supplier relationships

5. The composition and appointment of the routing

Typical flow sheets are designed to ensure the construction of standard and repetitive buildings and their parts, as well as buildings and structures with the use of standardized dimensional schemes and typical designs, rational construction technologies.

In a typical process maps include: the characteristics of the elements of buildings, structures and types of work covered by the map, as well as the features and conditions (natural, geological, production), as adopted in the map, the availability requirements of previous works, which provide the necessary edge to perform the work under hag; schemes of the construction site or work area where the name the main dimensions of the building (structure) or part thereof and accommodation arrangements with the definition of areas of operation, operational depots, pathways materials, networks, heat, electricity and water supply, and a description of methods and a sequence or combination of various types of work, including a breakdown of the total work on the bay-and tiers, methods of supplying materials and ready-made designs to jobs, the types of the means of paving, and installation of industrial equipment, the number and range of materials, ready-made designs, products and equipment defining them in terms of physical work, the number and types of machines, special tools, industrial equipment, numerical-qualifying teams, taking into account the composition of the method of collective contract, the work schedule with the calculation of labor costs, guidance on quality control activities, including operational control schemes and quality list of necessary acts for acceptance of critical structures, decisions on health and the improvement of its conditions.

In a typical work plans, calling for the implementation of work in winter conditions should be specified features regimes concrete structures, methods for temporary heating or insulation parts of the structure, order sealing joints in structures, etc.

Binding typical routing to a specific object construction and its conditions is to verify compliance with these conditions and specification of certain indicators related to local conditions without violation of the fundamental decisions in the map.

Typical cards work processes, which can be given in reference routings or BPD, develop into separate processes that have widespread and characterized by the stability of running manufacturing operations and used materials, machinery, tools, appliances, equipment and certain operating procedures.

All figures in the model maps workflows cost of labor, mechanization detail to working executives.

The concept of improving the quality of products in Ukraine

Introduction

It should be noted that among the strategic issues of national renewal and socio-economic development of our state the problem of quality of products is one of the most powerful, it almost defines the internal and external independence, real economic security. The issue of improving the quality of products to be considered as a means of increasing competitiveness, as a precondition for overcoming the challenges of transition to a market economy.

One of the conditions to overcome the crisis, ensure the stable development of the national economy is to improve the structural and functional organization and process management product quality. This is due to the following major factors: the lack of a common strategy of interaction and mutual influence of the executive authorities, public organizations, industry experts on the issue of quality, and as a consequence - to the economic, social and other factors to ensure the national security of the general lack of public information infrastructure which would provide a complete, accurate and current information on this issue.

1. The concept of improving the quality of products in Ukraine

The development of quality processes, mechanisms and conditions at the macro level must meet the following criteria: the definition of the objectives and tasks of quality in the industry, the analysis of resource capabilities and their implementation. Now carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the production of enterprises, quality systems is practically impossible. In addition to the Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Certification, the number of certified products, the number of certificates and the lack of funds is no information no longer exists.

Currently, the country has a large number of laws and regulations that relate to the quality problems of products (services), consumer protection and the environment. However, these laws and regulations are actually consistent with each other, they do not create a coherent system that would provide the highest quality products (services). Virtually no conditions that would have been orientovany to help domestic producers. Not built the infrastructure to promote the enterprises to solve quality problems. The current system of state regulation is aimed only at controlling the quality of products (services) to coercion and punishment of enterprises. [1, p.76]

In this regard, in 1999 the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, the concept of providing the required quality of products, goods and services. The main goal of the concept - the problem of creating a more efficient system and management mechanism safety, quality and competitiveness of products, goods and services enterprises in Ukraine, the formation and build-up their export potential, and the establishment of these foundations prerequisites for attracting strategic investments in promising economic activities and making and implementation of safety management, quality, competitiveness of products, goods and services.

The main directions of this concept:

1. The formation and increase the export capacity of the system by establishing a coordinated manner relevant economic, organizational, technological, informational and social prerequisites.

1. Creating for gradually reducing Ukraine's dependence on imports of strategically important products, technologies and services through rational use and build their own scientific, technical and industrial potential, the rapid introduction of modern technologies, in particular, imported into the mainstream of economic activity.

2. Creation of preconditions, the development and implementation of functional and organizational charts and management mechanisms that contribute to the formation and strengthening the interest of enterprises and industry to improve the quality and competitiveness of products as an essential element of their business success.

3. Development and implementation of mechanisms for the protection of the domestic market of Ukraine of low-quality products and services, poor quality of competition and advertising.

5. Preparation and implementation in Ukraine of legal, regulatory and technical documents in the field of safety and quality requirements, which are harmonized with internationally recognized standards and European legal and technical standards.

6 Creation of economic, institutional and social preconditions and mechanisms of the widespread introduction of a basic level of economic enterprises of Ukraine, professional quality systems and environmental management systems as the most effective tool to ensure product quality and competitiveness.

1. Ensuring that the requirements of consumers in the formation of export potential, facilitating search and attract strategic investors, the rational use of resources.

2. The improvement and development of scientific and methodological framework for managing work quality and competitiveness of products, the creation of the state and other levels of information system works in the field of quality and competitiveness through the application of modern information technology.

9. Support, improve and develop the system of education, training and retraining of specialists and staff involved in ensuring and improving the quality, management quality and competitiveness of products.

10. Creating a system of relations with the societies, associations, consumer protection, producers, other non-governmental organizations on issues of safety and quality.

The implementation of the concept will give the opportunity to create and to gradually introduce the management system and mechanism for coordinating the development and implementation of programs to ensure and improve the safety, quality and competitiveness, create conditions and mechanisms for increasing production at Ukrainian enterprises of high-quality and competitive products, reduce the volume of imports of goods (services ), analogues of which are produced in Ukraine. [2]

It is necessary to form and integrate enterprise-level professional, internationally recognized quality management system resource conservation and the environment, to harmonize the legal and normative-technical documents with the relevant documents of international and European organizations on trade and tariffs, as well as the data of the specialized organizations of standardization, certification , accreditation, testing, metrology, health care, environmental protection, information technology, energy and other priorities. [3]

2. Evaluation of quality with economic and sociological perspectives

Based on the fact that the category of quality is complex and contradictory in terms of its various aspects, consider the problem from the standpoint of improving the quality of economic and sociological aspects. First of all, it should be noted that from the point of view of economic view every relatively high technical level of the products is good. Production of high technical level, and therefore more complex than necessary, for the society has the same negative effects as the production of an excess amount of the previous quality products. The use of high technical level, where there is no immediate need, leads to necrosis of the funds, reduces the accumulation fund, inhibits the growth of the social productivity of labor. According to its economic impact this process is identical to the process of economic depreciation of new products, which have a relatively high technical level, is determined entirely by the terms of their productive use or a specific need. At this point J. Plotkin believes that in assessing the feasibility of improving the quality of the products should be based not only, or rather, not so much because of their technical level, how much of the specific conditions of use of the product by the consumer. In other words, it is necessary to take into account the cost of new consumer products in some typical areas of use. The economic aspect is defined by only the quality of products during their use by the consumer. Value in use is caused by physical, chemical and other natural properties of things, as well as properties that are assigned to it as a result of purposeful human activity. Economic science, as opposed to the technical disciplines, explores not consumption itself, as a result of the consumption of a utility value, that is, from the point of view of economic important are not the properties of the products, and that the extent to which they meet a specific need. Consumers are not interested in the nature of a commodity as such, it is important that the commodity had its inherent properties. Collection of certain properties and makes thing a commodity. However, the same products that are characterized by the same combination of consumer characteristics, different satisfy the needs of consumers. One of the product may have more intense useful properties that appeal to the consumer than the other. In this regard, he will increasingly satisfy consumer demand. [4]

Evaluation units of value in the degree of satisfaction of certain requirements, in the end, and characterizes its quality. As the demand for these products too varied, these products will be weighted differently by the consumer, that is to have a different quality. So when we talk about the quality of products we have in mind certain conditions of their use. This, of course, does not mean quality in its technical sense as determining the properties of things. But from an economic point of view it is important to know how these properties meet the requirements. Thus, the quality of products is related to the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the particular one or the other type of products. By the quality of products is to be understood that the degree of satisfaction of the needs of a particular product. The key point in this definition is the requirement that the quality was assessed only in relation to a given specific needs.

For the economic aspect of the quality of the products also belongs to the consideration ratio between "utility" of the products and their "value." The utility shows the degree of satisfaction of public needs, that is, use value on a social scale. Of course, the amount of utility affects the quality of products, but this does not imply that the products are of the highest quality and should be of great utility. The value of utility, but the quality also depends on the cost of production and consumption of products (the so-called price of consumption). Consequently, the utility of the product, which has a high quality, but requires large costs for the society in general may be for a particular consumer, in particular, be less than a product of lower quality, but manufactured with less cost.

The ratio between "utility" and "value", which is crucial to the competitiveness of products, much more difficult. It is due to the relationships between the categories of "technical level" - "quality" - "utility" - "economic efficiency" - "sale price" - "use price" (the latter two add up to "price of consumption"). These relationships can occur in any direction - forward and backward:

Legend:

TRV-technical level of production

Yak - the quality of products

Crss - utility products

E - the total economic effect of increasing the expansion valve (or yak) products

C - price sales

Pcb - competitive products

The relationships between the categories that determine the competitiveness of the products may be similar ([pict]) and opposite ([pict]), ie, they can be combined together in any ratio. With these combinations of connections between the elements of the system (Kc, TRV, Yak, etc.) is much more complicated, and this greatly complicates the whole system.

On the competitiveness of products in recent years, more opportunity to influence the manufacturer to supply products to the consumer before your competition and provide better service, service. Goods can be competitive and accidental. Such a situation may arise in a small business environment. But large companies no longer rely on the accident. They thoroughly engaged in the study of market segments, needs and opportunities of consumers (buyers), conduct market research. If, say, commodity producers are lucky, and its products are considered competitive, he is, first of all, you should identify the reasons behind such a success, and, secondly, to have time to take action to save the situation.

And another thesis, which characterizes the economic aspect of the quality of goods and on the understanding of which depends largely on the question of the competitiveness of the product is better - it is always (or almost always) more. In determining the economic benefit to the consumer from improved product quality to use the so-called rule of identity effects, the essence of which lies in the correction (multiplying) the cost to the consumer for the use of lower-quality product. This applies to all parameters (properties) of the quality, but the question of the correct solution available today only on the two, however, the most important parameters - performance and longevity (life).

The sociological aspect of the quality problems associated with the decision of the relationship of the subject to such an objective property of the product as its direct consumer quality. From a sociological point of view of quality is regarded as a category that corresponds to the patterns of distribution of the population by income, the demand for the formation of certain types of products, and the like. By the sociological aspect of quality is closely related psychological: in fact, some of the authors considered the last of the first kind. More appropriate to treat it as a separate aspect. Those aspects of the relationship are subject to the quality of products, which do not depend on it (the subject) category in the sociological sense, that is, those parties are "inside" the sociological category or subject matter of this category, and they can therefore be attributed to the psychological aspect. An example that illustrates this idea, there is such a situation.

As has been remembered, a defining moment in the creation of competitive products is the relationship between the categories of "utility" and "value", and the latter is determined by the cost of consumption, which is composed of the purchase price of the goods and the prices of its operation. Since the manifestation of these prices vary over time, the first, and continues at the same time (the first price), and for a long time (operational cost) - secondly, that the consumer is subject to certain purely mental attitude. If a new product is created better quality but more expensive (this is the option rasprotranenny relationship between the categories of "utility" and "value"), then the consumer has to pay more once one-time expenses, while the savings from improved product it will receive in for long periods of operation (operating expenses). First, using the popular proverb, can be identified with the "bird in the hand", the second - with "pie in the sky", for the same proverb, from a psychological point of view, better than the "bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." From this point of view, more attractive to the consumer may be an option "worse" - "cheaper." Psychological aspect should also be taken into account when deciding whether to increase or retain competitiveness.

Thus, a consumption-value approach on ensuring the quality of products, the purpose of which

-Firstly, the creation of conditions to reduce production costs in the amount of useful effect of the use value;

- Secondly, the increase in the needs of consumers by increasing the usefulness and quality of products.

In addition, this approach should be an integral mechanism of economic integration of the producer and the consumer. [5, p.40]

Literature

1. Shapoval M.І. Bases standartizatsії, upravlіnnya yakіstyu i sertifіkatsії. K: Kind of Єvrop. Un-to 2006. - 174s.

2. Mazarakі G., I. Pugachevsky. KANO model in sistemі upravlіnnya quality / / EDS number 3, 2008. - P.14-17

3. Enterprises with a certified quality system / / Standards and Quality № 5-6, 2007 - With 156 - 779.

4. Plotkіn J., I. Stankovska Yakіst virobіv yak zasіb zadovolennya needs spozhivacha i zabezpechennya konkurentospromozhnostі produktsії / / Ekonomіka of Ukraine, 2005. - № 6. - P.91-94

5. Pavlov V.І. that іn. Bases standartizatsії, sertifіkatsії that іdentifіkatsії tovarіv. K.: Condor 2006. - 230c.